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六级改错满分策略讲义（PPT）

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Error Correction
改错突破
Checklist
 缺词/多词
 名词：数；可数性
 形容/副词：形式/级
 近义
 搭配
 时态/语态
 动词
 虚拟语气
 非谓语动词
 As/like结构
11. 定语从句的关系词
12. 前后照应
 主谓一致
 时态一致
c.  指代一致
d.  修辞一致
13. 逻辑关系：
      连词/连接性副词
       反义词
       其它
1 缺词/多词
 缺漏及赘述错误主要表现为漏掉介词、代词、关系词、冠词、连词等或重复意义相同或相近的词语以及出现两个主语等。

 单数可数名词一般前应有冠词，但有些固定搭配中不用冠词

 Dishwashers and washing machines do jobs that were once done by the hand.
 by (the) hand  by hand

1 缺词/多词
 不及物动词作谓语的关系代词前的介词
 I suddenly realized that my own parents are the ones whom I can rely.
 (on) whom

 不及物动词后接宾语应添加介词
 But perhaps we should look at both sides of the coin before arriving hasty conclusions.
 This leads changes in the way of life.
 arriving (at)    /     leads (to)

 固定搭配中是否缺介词，注意隔离修饰
 In every home a stereo or television will fill the rooms sound.
 fill the rooms (with) sound
 短语中是否漏词

 句子结构是否完整
 In the nineteenth century, farm work and life were not much changed from that they had been in the old days.
 Thatwhat （原从句缺少宾语）
 定语从句中是否多了主语和宾语
More examples
 We have to make clear to each worker that everybody must observe these rules．
  make make it
 宾语为动词不定式或从句时，必须在动词与宾语补足语之间加上形式宾语it。
 Though we have known great deal about space，we still have a lot to learn.
 great deal a great deal (修饰不可数名词)

 The songs sounded via radios in restaurants，from cars passing on the highways and shoeshine(擦皮鞋) parlors．
  and (in) shoeshine parlors

 此处应是与前面词组in restaurants和from  cars并列的介词短语

 Both natural and synthetic man-made rubber are of little value in their raw state．
 去掉synthetic或man-made

 Monsoon winds（季风），sometimes masked by other features of the general atmospheric circulation，they are associated with nearly all large continental land masses．
 去掉they 同Monsoon winds重复
2 名词
名词的限定

 The day before the speech contest English teacher…
 my可数名词前通常要加修饰语。此句虽然有English，但指代不明。根据上下文，加上my比较贴切。

名词可数与不可数的误用

 Too much tests are disadvantage for students’ study. （误）

 In modern society, people are under various pressures（误）
名词的单复数
 1)…and asked me lots of question.
  Questions
 “question”为可数名词，在lots of后面，应加-s。

 2)We study quite a few subject，such as maths, …
  subjects
 A few后面应跟可数名词的复数形式。

 3)…and often watch football match on TV…
  matches 经常观看足球赛，
 Match时可数名词，应用复数形式。
 　　
 4)She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success，…
 schoolmates
 此处为复数概念，应加上-s。
3 形容/副词与比较
 形容词用来修饰名词或作表语；副词修饰形容副词或动词：经常有误用
 It is essential that people be psychological able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy.
 Psychological psychologically 修饰形容词
 Man has used metals for centuries in gradual increasing quantities.
 Gradual gradually修饰动词（现在分词形式）

2.  系动词和感官动词后接形容词。系动词包括be, appear, seem, become, turn, go, come, grow, keep,感官动词包括feel, smell, taste, sound, look等。其中有些系动词又可以做实义动词：become成为, appear出现, turn转动, go去, come来, grow种植/成长, keep保留
 I frequently feel weakly and dissatisfied with myself．
 All the dishes taste most deliciously.
 Weakly weak
 Deliciously delicious

3.  -ly结尾的词不一定都是副词，如friendly, woolly长绒毛的, costly昂贵的, lonely, elderly, olderly, fatherly, brotherly, deadly等，注意区分。

4.  以a-开头的形容词一般只作表语：afraid, alike, akin, alive, alone, asleep, awake, ashamed, afloat, alight发亮/燃着的 等。如果用作了定语，则需更换成相应形式。

5.  有些副词有两种形式，但意义不同，需加以区分
 High高       highly：高度地
 Deep深     deeply：深深地
 Wide宽/大  widely：广泛/大大地
 Hard努力  hardly：几乎不
 Near近      nearly：几乎/将近
 close近     closely：细心/严密/密切
 Late迟      lately：最近
 Most最     mostly：主要/通常
 Just 刚/仅/正好            justly 公平/正当/精确地
 Pretty相当/非常          prettily漂亮地/令人愉悦地

 Right就/正是/顺利       rightly正确/当/公正地
 Slow缓慢(go/run/speak/read) slowly慢慢/渐渐地
 Loud/loudly大声地  （louder/loudest）
 Fair公平/公正/正好       fairly 相当/适度/公正
 Easy不着急/慢慢/容易  easily轻易/容易/很可能
 Dead突然/完全/直接     deadly极为/死一般地
 Clean完全/一直            cleanly干净利落地
 Clear清楚/完全/远离     clearly 清楚/显然/明亮     

 He got up, walked across the room, and with a sharp quick movement flung the door widelyopen.
 Widelyopen wideopen

6. 比较结构中，一般用than来连接，但有些词用to如：superior/inferior/senior/junior.或者as…as…
 Their fields yield twice as much corn this year than they did last year after adopting the advanced technology.
 Than as

7. 有些词本身就是最高级不可在添加more/most
      excellent; perfect; complete；entire(ly); extreme; unique; round; dead; alive; ultimate; utter; square等。

 They may learn that questions which seemed most entirely objective then appear to be highly biased to someone else.
 Most entirely entirely

8. 混淆比较的两部分。如：
 The climate in the coastal cities is much warmer than in the interior cities．（在than与 in之间应加指示代词that??句中用于比较的两个部分是气
 候而不是地区。）

4 近义词
 某些近义词表面意思讲得通，但不贴切或不准确，需要进行替换。
 Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are prepared to put up with in the name of better health is a high personal matter.
 High highly 极为/高度
 Between sunrise and sunset, streets and highways are a constant source of voice from cars, buses…
 Voice noise
5 搭配
 主要涉及形容词、名词、动词等与介词的搭配；动词、形容词与名词的搭配以及比较结构等固定搭配。
 On some fields, this has clearly not happened.
 On some fields in
 We asked a lady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the way they occupied the space around them…
 On the way by/from the way
 This has probably been the case in quite a while.     Infor

 Such reasons are totally dependent in the balance of risks and benefits for the patients.
 Dependent in dependent on
 If he was absent because of sickness, there was often no job from him when he returned.
 From him for him
  We have little time to read some books which we interest.  are interested in.
6 时态和语态
 根据时间状语（包括副词（词组）和从句）或逻辑对句子的时态作出正确判断。
 Where tuberculosis（肺结核）vanished, it came back.
 Vanished had vanished
 By the time the sun sets this evening, I will have finished the book I am writing for the last six years.
 am writing have been writing
 I was walking along the road, and there are not so many cars on the street.  There are there were

 熟记事态的特殊规律
  陈述真理或常识性事件时，用一般现在时
  时间、条件从句中不能用将来时

静态动词不能用进行时态：
a. be 动词和have( 有)
b. apply to; belong to; differ from; cost; weigh; measure; fit; hold( 容纳); lack; resemble 等
c.  表示感觉的动词feel; hear; see, smell; taste
d.  心理或情感动词assume; believe; consider; detest( 憎恶);feat; hate; hope; wish; like; love; regret; know; suppose; understand; want; remember; imagine; notice

 He resembles his father.
 I know that this issue is important.

 I have English classic literary books.
 Cf. I am having a wonderful time in Hawaii.

6 时态/语态
 要根据句意确定使用主动还是被动
 被动语态不仅出现在谓语的位置上，还出现在非谓语动词结构中，还有不同的时体变化。
 Whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathy for the people to have affected.
 To have affected to have been affected
 The old Jewish custom of bathing the feet of all strangers that came within their gates is still be practicing in parts of Palestine.
 Is still be practicing is still being practiced

 只有及物动词或词组才用被动形式；但并非所有及物动词都可用于被动结构：如have; let; become; get; fit; suit; lack; resemble
 小心被动结构不规则动词的过去分词形式
 Throughout history, shoes have been wore not only for protection but also for decoration.
 Have been wore have been worn
7 动词
 除了要时态/语态，还要注意是否及物动词
 The traffic accident was taken place at the junction of two highways. （误）
 The traffic accident took place at the junction of two highways. （正）
 Because of his excellent performance, the boss rose his salary. （误）
 Because of his excellent performance, the boss raised his salary. （正）
介词to和不定式符号的混淆

 Too many tests will do harm to cultivate our independent thinking. （误）
 Too many tests will do harm to the cultivation of our independent thinking. （正）
 All these contributed to solve the serious problem. （误）
 All these contributed to the solution to the serious problem. （正）
情态动词的误用

It may not good to our health. （误）
 It may be not good to our health. （正）
They should spent much time. （误）
 They should spend much time. （正）

8 非谓语动词
 A．现在分词形式与过去分词形式混淆。如：
 The victory was no more convinced than I had expected．
 Convinced convincing  令人信服的，表示主语特征

 The teacher went into the classroom, following by some students．
 Following followed

 分词和不定式的不同含义：
 现在分词：主动或进行（或完成）；
 过去分词：被动或完成；
 不定式：将要发生或目的
 Succeeding in passing the examination, she is extremely happy. 因为（已发生）
 To succeed in passing the examination, she needs to work much harder.为了（目的）

 The small college generally provides a limited number of courses and specializations but offers a better student-faculty ratio, thus permit individualized attention to students. permitting小院校提供的课程专业较少，但师生比例较高，因此能够特殊的个体指导和关注。
 Becoming a skilled photographer, a person should have both manual dexterity（灵巧，灵敏）a good eye for detail.
 Becoming To become
Practice
 Even the quiet of our carefully protected wilderness areas can be invaded at any moment by a passed jet.
 So a sportsman’s individual way of walking with raised shoulders is often imitated by an admired fan.

 Passed passing
 Admired admiring 追星族常常模仿运动员抬高肩膀大摇大摆走路的方式。
 Admire和pass都是由中心语发出，主谓关系

 The boy’ s delighting look tells us that he passed the exam．
 Delighting delighted 高兴的、兴奋的，表示主语状态
 You can pass any factory or construction area and the roar of their machinery will make your ears ringing. 
 Tom had his arm breaking yesterday.

 B．不定式与动名词相互混淆。如：
 To lie is vice．
 To lie Lying 此处指抽象的概念性动作

 Lying about it will only make matters worse．
 LyingTo lie 此处指具体的一次性动作

 C．非谓语动作发生时间与谓语动作发生时间的方面出现错误。

 I remember locking the door when I left home this morning．
 Locking having locked
 非谓语动作发生时间早于主语动作发生时间。

 D．特殊非谓语动词结构方面出现错误。

 You have to practice to speak English as much as possible now since you are going to England next year．
 to speakspeaking
 practise后的宾语要用-ing形式。）

 非谓语动词不单独作谓语。
 At the beginning of 19th century working hours were from sunrise to sunset, pay was awful, (and) working conditions being poor and dangerous. were

 如果非并列句中有两个以上谓语动词，是错误的，这时只能保留一个，其它的改为非谓语动词形式：

 Consider the great need for improving many aspects of the global environment, one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resources (that are poured into the space exploration efforts).

 作宾语时，要注意用动词不定式还是动名词。有时两者皆可，但意义不同，如forget, remember, try, regret, stop, continued等

 作宾补时，要注意不同形式的意义差别，以及和谓语动词的搭配。
 Mary was heard singing in the next room then.
 I saw David Beck play football on TV last night.

 分词（包括带连词的分词）短语作状语时，逻辑主语须与主句主语一致。
 Sports activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewing biologically, the modern footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised hunting pack. Viewed
9 虚拟语气
 虚拟语气分为两种：be型和were型。
 Be型(should)+ do(动词原形）：用于表示命令、决定、建议等词语（见下页）之后的that-分句中。
 What do you think of the doctor’s recommendation that our friends stayed a few more days in hospital?
 stay/should stay

 用于if, though, whatever, lest, so long as引导的分句中，表示推测、让步、防备
 If the rumor be true, everything is possible.
 Whatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.
 Though everyone desert you, I will not.
 Quietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away.
 If it would rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the exhibition.
  should rain 表示推测
Be-型虚拟语气标志词
v. Demand, command, suggest, require, ask, order, insist, advise, move, direct, recommend, propose, see (to it) that等
n. demand, request, suggestion, recommendation, advice, proposal, insistence等
a. important, fundamental, preferable, necessary, basic, vital, imperative, essential, requested, suggested, demanded等

 有些词有多个意义，当不表示建议、命令时，就不能用虚拟语气，如：
 Some evidence suggests that REM sleep be a time when the brain adapts to life experience.
 Be is  （一些证据表明，REM sleep可能是大脑适应生活经验的时间。）
Were-型
 Were型were/过去时体：常用于由if, if only, as if, as though, though引导的条件、方式、让步状语从句中，表示非真实条件或假设。
 要特别注虚拟语气的谓语动词形式是否正确。条件句虚拟语气的结构如下所示：

 主句或从句的动词形式未用虚拟语气形式。

 If we had more rain last summer，we would have a harvest．
 had had/would have had
 此句应用与过去事实相反的虚拟语气形式

 条件句中还有一种特殊的混合虚拟语气。这种情况的谓语动词形式要根据具体时间来确定。
 If writing had never been invented(过去), we would have no books(现在).
 If he had failed his exam last year, he would have been taking it again in June. would be taking
 I would have gone to visit that beautiful city but I hadn’t got in touch with you while I was in New York.  didn’t get
 If you had been older，I would have al- lowed you to go that day．
 had been were 条件句可指目前情况下的假设

 Were-虚拟语气还可用其他形式表示,如without, but for, otherwise, or等。

 Without/but for your help, I would never make such great success.
  would never have made
 Thanks to the man timely saving, or the little boy would be drowned in the river.
  would have been drowned

 Were-型虚拟语气也用在表示臆想愿望的分句中，常由Wish, suppose, imagine, would rather, would sooner that, would just as soon (that) 等引导，如：
 I wish it were spring all the year round.
 Just imagine everyone were to give up smoking.
特殊虚拟语气
 在it is (high) time (that)…从句中，也用were-型虚拟语气，如：
 It is high time that measures should be taken to decrease the birth rate in this country.
 were taken/had been taken
As的用法
 like: 象……一样；（unlike）
 as: 介词（作为）
       副词（如此）
       关系代词
       连词（因为；随着；虽然；正如）
 as有很多固定搭配，用法极为复杂，见下页
As 固定搭配
 As if/though好像
 As/so long as只要
 Such as诸如；……之类的
 As apposed to 与…相反
 As for/to至于；关于
 So as (not) to以便/以免；以致
 Not so much as连……都不；与其……不如
 as above如上；同上
 As against与……相比
 As of/from自从……

 As much as多达；到……程度
 As well (as)也/又
 As well … as not反正都行/一样
 As it is/as they are事实上；实际上
 As it were仿佛，好像，可以说
 as yet 到现在/那时为止
 As … as any不亚于
 As … as ever永远；至今；自古；空前
 As … as … can be极其；到了…的程度
 He is as brilliant a politician as ever lived.
 他是至今最卓越的政治家。
As Vs.which
 在限定性定语从句中，As 常和先行词前的such, so, as, the same搭配；which则无此限制。
 引导非限定定语从句时
 先行词是整个句子，as常在句首或句中，而which常在句末。
 As引导的定语从句与主句应是顺接关系；which无此限制。
 As在定语从句中常作宾语，which常作主语。As作主语时，仅限于“主-动-补”结构和被动句型，如：
 As is often the case; as is known to all
 as has been pointed out; as may be imagined; etc
Practice
 The farmer had much work to do, with his own muscles like his chief source of power. He used axes, spades and other simple tools. 91/06
 Cities and states have to provide services city people want, such like more police protection, more hospitals and more schools.90/01
 Like as
 Like as/being

 A break in their employment, or a decision to work part time, will slow their raises and promotions---because it would for men. 96/01
 Can we be too bold as to suggest that we maybe able to colonize other planets within the not-too-distant future? 00/01
 Because as 这一点对男士也一样
 So bold so bold我们可否大胆地推测在不远的将来我们就可以在其他星球上开垦殖民主义地?
定语从句的关系词
定语从句关系词是一个常见考点

关系词That和which/who的区别
 用that的情况
  不定代词something, anybody, nothing, none, little, few, much, all 作先行词时；
 She is everything that a wife should be.
  最高级、序数词、不定限定词（all, some, none, few 等）或any, only, first, last 等修饰先行词时；
  先行项不止一个，且分别表示人和物时；
  当关系词在定语从句中充当补语时；
  当定语从句是there be 句型时；

 用which（物）或who（人）的情况
 介词提前，作介词宾语时；
 非限定定语从句；
 先行项是that时；
 当先行项与定语从句被其他成分隔开时

先行项为时间或地点时
 当先行项为时间/地点时，如关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，应用which或that，而不用when/who(m)
 I live in Beijing，where is the capital of China.
 which
 此处where应改为which，因为它在定语从句中作主语。
缺少关系词或多余代词
 有些句子中，名词后面本来该用定语从句的，却漏掉了关系词，直接接了动词。
 另一类常见的错误是，关系代词指代的成分在从句中以代词的形式重复出现，画蛇添足。
定语从句和名词性从句的区别
 与同位语从句的区别
  同位语从句表明中心语的具体内容；定语从句对其先行项加以限制、描绘或说明；
  同位语从句的引导词that 在从句中不充当成分；定语从句的关系词that 在从句中担任成分，如：
 Most of the pupils can not answer the question  why sea water is salty.
 Most of the pupils could not answer the question that the chemistry teacher asked().

 与主语/宾语/表语从句的区别
  主语/ 宾语/ 表语从句充当主句的主语/ 宾语/ 表语，前面没有作先行项的名词或代词；而定语从句一般作定语，限定或描述先行项；
 
  引导词that 在名词性从句中不作成分；what 充当名词性从句的主语/ 宾语/ 表语，相当于the person that/who; all that, 使用时容易和定语从句的that 混淆。诀窍在于，看前边有没有没有先行项，有用that/who/which ，没有用what 。
 All (that) I have with me now is 10 dollars.

 ( )What I have been thinking about all the time is the question that the physics teacher put forward in class.

 In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes that he considers( )the spiritual barrenness of society (brought about by science and technology). 
 John Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述了他认为是由科学技术给社会带来的精神贫困。 that what

 介词后出现从句，如前有名词或代词作先行项，用which或whom引导定语从句，如没有，则用what引导，这时整个名词性从句作介词宾语。
practice
 The children attended a small elementary school (often of just one room) to that they had to walk everyday, possibly for a few miles.
 Considering the great need for improving many aspects of the global environment, one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resources that they are poured into the space exploration efforts. (00/01)
 To that to which
 That they that

 Instead, this other person told us a story, it he said was quite well-known, about an American who had been invited to an Arab meal in one of the countries of the Middle East.(00/06)
 In the late nineteenth century, farm work and life were not much changed from that they had been in the old days.
 It which
 That what
前后照应
 主谓一致
 时态一致
 指代一致
 意义一致
 修辞一致

a. 主谓一致
 主语和谓语在要在人称和数等方面能保持一致。此类错误形式主要有以下几种：

 A．主语因形式特殊或因由一个或几个复杂成分修饰往往导致主谓一致错误。如：
 Acoustics are taught in some colleges．
 Areis
 以-s或-es 结尾的用以表示学科、疾病、游戏等的名词作主语时，其谓语动词应用单数形式

 Understanding the cultural habits of another nation，especially one containing so many diversified subcultures（次文化） as the US，area complex，bewildering task to us．
 Areis
 主语是一个动名词短语，尽管其后有较长的修饰成分，然而其谓语仍需用单数形式

 B．定语从句谓语动词与先行词主谓不一致
 I，who is your friend，will do my best to help you．
 is am
 关系代词作定语从句主语时，谓语动词要与先行词一致

 Tom is the only one of the pupils who are willing to take make-up examinations．
 Areis
 在the only one of+复数名词或代词+定语从句的结构中，谓语动词应用单数形式。

 C．某些短语或结构后所跟谓语动词必须用单数或复数形式。
 Six times two are twelve．
 Are is  加、减、乘、除运算谓语动词用单数

 The police is looking for the escaped criminal．
 Isare
 主语为people， police，folk，cattle等集合名词时，谓语动词通常用复数形式
主谓一致
 Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library.
 Is are 我的照片和奖牌(意义一致原则)

 There are a TV and two computers in the room.
 There are there is   （就近原则）
b 时态一致
 It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home.
 drive  and连接两个并列动作meet和drive。
 They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a good time talking and laughing.
 had整篇文章记述过去的事情，用过去时。
 Hello，I learn about you from my English teacher，…
 learned从教师那儿知道，是过去发生的行为　　

 My favourite sport is football.I was a member of our school football team.
 am
 文章描述现在的情况，用一般现在时。

 …not only makes us…but also give us a sense of fair play…
 gives  [“not only…”连接两个相等的成份，用第三人称单数。]

 I am happy with any program but the others spent a lot of time arguing…
 was  此句描述的是过去的事情，且下句也是用的过去时，故要改为was。

 I remembered her words and calm down.
 calmed
 连词and连接两个相等的成份。
c 指代一致
 1)The Smiths did his best to make me feel…
 Their
 the Smiths指代一家人或夫妇俩。

 2)And they must not break the rules too often if we want to win the games.
 谈论都是“我们”的事，此处也应一致。　

 3) Some wanted to see the program while others preferred another.
 The one
 表示三者以上的代词搭配one…another
d 修辞一致：平行结构
 平行结构中并列、对等部分应在形式上或意义上保持一致而实际上却未能如此。

 Black Smith mopped the floor，cleaned the windows，and other odd jobs．
 And (did) other
 该句谓语应由三个不同并列动作构成。

 The value of a course depends as much on its inherent interest on its practical use．
 Interest (as) on
 本句中as much …as结构表示并列比较。

逻辑关系

连词或连接性副词
 连词或连接性副词常用来明示句子间的逻辑关系，错误使用往往造成逻辑关系的混乱。在改错中，这类错误比较隐蔽，难度较大，因为它涉及的上下文往往不仅仅是一个句子，而是前后几个句子甚至是全篇
 解题时，首先要掌握连词的意义和用法，二是要弄清上下文意思，理顺文章的逻辑，三是要注意连词的搭配使用。

 In 1860, because some of the farm population had moved to the city, yet eighty percent of the American population was still in the country.
 Because though/although

 Music is played in every supermarket,… it appears that we all find company in sound, if we all demand a little quiet from time to time.
 If but/though/although

 Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their bodies, became radically changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey killers.
 even if even

反义词
通过反义词来瞒天过海，也是这类题的一个惯用伎俩。
 She was smiling but nodding at me.
  and
 微笑和点头意义一致

 My roommate is generous，inconsiderate，and easy to get along with．
 inconsiderate 为considerate
 根据上下文的意思应为“体谅人的”之意。

 Get someone to check for spelling and grammatical errors, because a spell-checker（拼写检查程序） will pick up every mistake.
 will will not

 There is enough audience and also it is a large room，you will probably not have to use a microphone．
 去掉not

 Science itself is harmless，but as soon as it can provide technology，it is not necessarily harmful．
 harmful harmless
 本句说明科学有时具有危害性

 The Department of Environment that was created shows how unimportant this issue is considered to be．
 Unimportant important
 上下文所要说明的是该问题的重要性。
 His (the footballer’s) killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal mouth. If his aim is inaccurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter’s triumph of killing prey（猎物）.
 Inaccurate accurate
有时候，
逻辑错误也表现在介词或动词短语
 Early audits（审查） showed that minorities were pictured far too infrequently and were pictured with a disproportionate number of negative articles. The audit result from improvement in the frequency of minorities representation and their portrayal in neutral or positive situations. And, with a result, the Seattle Times has improved as a newspaper.
 Result from result in
 With a result as a result
Practice 1

This may seem an odd question after several successive years in which the dollars spent online advertising have shown extraordinary leaps. But there are two
reasons for asking it. One is that businesses depend__1
on online advertising has been disproportionately hurt by__2
the downturn in the public markets.

The other is that a
little authoritative commentators believe the online advertising model is __3
fundamentaly broken and advising companies are__4
depending on it to seek alternative sources of revenue.The hard times through that the online advertising__5 industry is passing should be no surprise.
In March 2000 this column point out the reversal of the cycle in which __6
e-commerce businesses spent heavy on advertising,__7

 recruited new customers, raised more money at a lower cost of capital and then spending  still more heavily on_8 advertising.
My conclusions then were as follows: weaker companies would leave the business-to-consumer market (right);
investors should flock back to the stronger companies __9 (wrong so far);
and advertising pricing would fall (right), 
delivering poor returns to two-ranking __10 advertising businesses.
Key 1
 Depend → dependent
 Has → have
 Little → few
 Fundamentaly → fundamentally
 That → which
 Point → pointed
 Heavy → heavily
 Spending → spent
 Should → would
 Two-ranking→ second-ranking
Practice 2

Chemistry did not emerge as a science until after the scientific revolution in the seventeen the century and then only
rather slowly and laboriously. But chemical knowledge is so__1
old as history, is almost entirely concerned with the __2 practical arts of living. Cooking is essentially a chemical
process; nor is the melting of metals and the administration __3 of drugs and potions.
This basic chemical knowledge, that was_4 applied in most cases as a rule of thumb, was neverthelessly_5  dependent on previous experiment.

It also served to stimulate
a fundamental curiosity about the process itself. New__6 information was always being gained as artisans improved techniques to gain better results. The development of a scientific approach to chemistry,
however, hampered by several factors. The most serious__7
problem was the vast range of material available and the consequent difficulty of organizing it into some system.

In addition, there was social and intellectual difficulties, chemistry__8
 is nothing if not practical; these who practice it must use their___9 hands, they must have a certain practical flair(才能). Yet in many ancient civilizations, practical tasks were primarily the province of a slave population. The thinker or philosopher stood apart away from this mundane would, where the practical __10
 arts appeared to lack any intellectual content or interest.
Key 2
 So as
 Is  being
 Nor so
 That which
 Neverthelessly nevertheless
 Itself themselves
 However was, however
 Was were
 These those
 Away from
Practice 3

Get a high school diploma, at least. Without that, you will be occupationally dead if your name happens to be George1 Bernard Shaw or Thomas Alva Edison, and you can successfully dropout in grade school.
Get a college degree, if possible.
With B.A. you are on the launching pad.2
But now you have to start to put on the brakes, if you go for a master’s degree, make surely it is an MBA.3

A Ph. D is the highest degree you can get. Except a      4
 few specialized fields such like physics or chemistry where      5
the degree can quickly be turned to industrial or commercial
purposes, if you pursue so a degree in any other field, you       6
will face a dim future. There are more MBAs unemployed      7
 or underemployed in this country than any other parts of the world.     8

 If you become a doctor of philosopher for English    9
 or history or anthropology or political science or languages
 or---worst of all---in philosophy, you have the risk of becoming   10
 overeducated for our national demands.